Addison, William, 173–174, 182

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 81–82, 89

Agote, Luis, 160

Allison, Jim, 212, 239–241, 245, 360

Altmann, Richard, 80

Andral, Gabriel, 173

anemia

aplastic anemia, 323

Hiroshima survivors and, 316

sickle cell anemia, 10, 374–377

anthrax experiments, 57–59

antibodies

cell mutation and, 192

B cells role in, 181, 190–191, 193, 215

genetic marking and, 322

monoclonal antibody (MoAb), 197–198, 200–201

physiology of, 181, 189–190, 206

plasma cells and, 194, 195

in response to toxins, 188

antigens

B cells binding in, 192–194

physiology of, 190

embryo tolerizing and, 232–233

Appelbaum, Fred, 326

Aristophanes, 26–27

Aristotle, 137, 155, 227, 262, 298

Askonas, Ita, 204

Astra AB, 289

atomism, theory of, 364–365

autoimmune diseases

conditions in, 234–236

Covid-19 and, 252

gene trigger locks in, 239

bacterial cells

Cas9 protein gene editing, 122–124

putrefaction theory of, 57

phagocytosis in, 175

white blood cell response to, 176–177

Bali (Hindu mythology), 248–249

Banting, Frederick, 301–306

Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise, 219

Bavister, Barry, 112

Bayer, 168–169

B cells

plasma cells and, 194, 196

clonal selection and, 193–194

immune response in, 177, 219

immunological memory and, 194–195

physiology of, 53, 55

role in making antibodies, 181, 190–191, 193, 215

Becker, Andrew, 321

Beijing Institute of Genomics, 119

Bennett, John, 46

Bernard, Claude, 90, 299–300

Best, Charles, 303–306

Bichat, Marie-François-Xavier, 39, 41, 44, 339

Bidder, Friedrich, 266, 268

Bizzozero, Giulio, 164–165

Bjorkman, Pam, 211

blood transfusion

American Red Cross, 161

blood types, 158–159

compatibility and, 158, 160

early blood banks, 161

early experiments in, 157–159

hemorrhage treatment with, 162–163

Silicon Valley “young blood,” 373–374

in World War I and II, 160–161

bone, bone marrow

allogenic transplants, 325

anatomy of, 338–339

cartilage cells, 338, 340–342, 347

cellular regeneration and, 319

growth plate, 340, 341

homeostasis, 342, 346, 348

LR cells in, 342–3

osteo, chondro, and reticular (OCHRE) cells, 341–343

osteoblast and osteoclast cells, 339, 340, 341, 342

physiology of, 338–339, 344–345

T cell precursors and, 234

transplants, 223–225, 321–322, 329

Boveri, Theodor, 99, 100, 102

Boyle, Robert, 31

brain. See also neurons

anatomy of, 270–271

Brodman area 25 (BA25), 291–292

cellular circuits in, 291

deep brain stimulation (DBS), 291, 292–296, 363

depression and, 291–296, 363

glial cells, 283, 286

homeostasis and, 312

microglia cells in, 285

nervous system, 272–274

neural organoids, 370

physiology of, 273–274

synapses, 284–287

breast cancer. See also cancer cells

antibody drugs for, 201, 351, 356

BRCA-1 gene mutation, 121, 351–352

Brenner, Sydney, 204

BROADEN (Brodmann Area 25 Deep Brain Neuromodulation) study, 295

Brown, Louise Joy, 114–116

Brown, Robert, 88

Brown, Timothy Ray, 222–225

Burnet, Frank Macfarlane, 193–194, 233

Burns, Robert, 186

Cajal, Santiago Ramón y, 272–276, 278–279

cancer cells (general). See also specific cancers

dysfunctional cell division in, 350–351, 355–357

energy dependencies, 359–360

experiment with glial cells, 354

genetic mutations and, 351–352

homeostasis and, 350–351

humors theory and, 155

immunological invisibility and, 237–238

kinship to the self in, 238

metastasis, 350–351, 358–359

passenger and driver mutations, 352

physiology of, 361

plasma cells fusion with, 197

resemblance to stem cells, 353

tumors and, 350, 352

cancer therapies

autoimmunity trials, 236–238

basket drug trials, 357

checkpoint inhibitors in, 240–241

chemotherapy, 4, 9

gene-targeted treatment, 356–357

immunotherapy, 198–199, 236

monoclonal antibody drugs, 201

umbrella drug trials, 357–358

Cannon, Walter, 90

Cantley, Lew, 360

Cape Cod sea urchin experiments, 103–104

Carlsson, Arvid, 289

Carrel, Alexis, 265–6

Casanova, Jean-Laurent, 252

CDC (US Centers for Disease Control), 217, 246

cell biology

altering with drugs, chemicals, or physical stimulus, 9

biochemistry, 84

function and dysfunction, 50

labeling with radioactivity, 85

puzzle of cellular decay in, 314

tenets of, 366–368

cell division

Cyclin-CDK association, 105–106

daughter cells, 81, 98, 133, 165

Gap (G) phases in, 101, 104

homotypic cell division, 98–99

meiosis and mitosis, 96–97, 99–100

mitosis (M) phase in, 102

normal physiology, 349–350

predictive factors of, 117

synthesizing (S) phase in, 101

cell mutation

BRCA-1 (breast cancer), 124

CCR5 (HIV), 123–124

germ line and, 195

hereditary human deafness (GJB2), 129

learning and memory in, 192

natural delta 32 (HIV), 124, 126

cells (general). See also cell division; cell mutation; cell therapy

archaea (kingdom), 68–69, 71

bacteria (kingdom), 67–8, 71

behavior of, 12

cell theory, 64

cellular pathology, 15, 24–25, 49, 166–172

citizens of the body, 48, 242, 258, 354

definition of, 11

degeneration of, 343–346

eukaryotes, 68, 71

evolution of, 70–72, 130–134, 150, 364

in gene-decoding, 12

microbial cells, 56, 60, 80–81

nucleus, 97, 101

plant cells, 88

quiescent cell, 101

tenets of, 45, 50, 266

cell therapy. See also gene therapy

blood diseases and, 330

bone marrow transplant as, 222

chemotherapy, 4, 9

tenets of, 366–368

in the transformation of medicine, 9–10

cellular medicine

diagnostic medicine, 64–65

oncology, 354

transformation of, 9–10

cellular physiology (normal)

cell membrane, 75–76, 90

cellular pathology, 49

chromosomes, 89, 97–100

DNA, 88–89

ER (endoplasmic reticulum), 82, 84, 86

genome, 81, 88–89

homeostasis, 90–1

hormones, 89

immune response, 176–177

lipid bilayer, 76–77

lysosomes, 176

mitochondria, 80–81, 82, 90

normal physiology, 50

nucleus, 88–89

proteins, 79–80, 86, 89, 90

cellular respiration, 81, 82, 89, 156

cervical cancer, 182

Chan, Chuck, 341–342

Chang, Min Chueh, 110, 112

Charo, R. Alta, 129, 330

Charpentier, Emmanuelle, 122, 128

Chemie Grünenthal, 142–143

Chernobyl, 328

Chiswell, Sarah, 179

chromosomes, 97–99, 100

Church, George, 122

Claude, Albert, 82, 83, 84, 88

Coleridge, Samuel, 41

Coley, William, 236

Collip, James, 304–306

comparative genetics, 68–69

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 22

Covid-19 pandemic

Bali and (Hindu mythology), 248–249

as cellular disease, 14

contact tracing and growth, 249–50

first case report in the US, 246

type 1 interferon deficiency and, 251–3

Craven, Lawrence, 169

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) proteins, 105, 117

Cyclins, 104–105, 117, 145

Dale, Henry, 279–281

Dalton, John, 38

Darwin, Charles, 26, 132, 195

Davis, Mark, 212

de Duve, Christian, 88

Deem, Michael, 119, 128

Del Zio, Doris, 108

Del Zio, John, 108

De Motu Cordis (Harvey), 264

Denys, Jean-Baptiste, 157–158

DePinho, Ron, 354

depression

author’s experience of, 286–91

humor theory and, 155

treatment for, 289, 291–292

diabetes

experiment with canine diabetes, 303–305

pancreas and, 302

stem cell experiments in beta-cells, 307–309

type 1 diabetes, 8, 10, 306–307, 308, 372

Dick, John, 354–355

Dickens, Charles, 254–255

Dixon, Walter, 280

DNA, 11, 101, 210

Doherty, Peter, 207–210, 215

Doudna, Jennifer, 122, 128–129

Dresser, Friedrich, 169